Throughout this period and thereafter, however, the Ainu-Japanese relationship continued to be marked by trade and commercial relationships, not conflicts.įrom 1799 to 1806, the shogunate took direct control of southern Hokkaidō. Another large-scale revolt by Ainu against Japanese rule was the Menashi-Kunashir Battle in 1789. The most important was Shakushain's Revolt (1669–1672), an Ainu rebellion against Japanese authority. Although the increased contact created by the trade between the Japanese and the Ainu contributed to increased mutual understanding, it also sometimes led to conflict which occasionally intensified into violent Ainu revolts. Throughout this period Ainu groups competed with each other to import goods from the Japanese, and epidemic diseases such as smallpox reduced the population. Later, the Matsumae began to lease out trading rights to Japanese merchants, and contact between Japanese and Ainu became more extensive. The Tokugawa bakufu (feudal government) granted the Matsumae clan exclusive rights to trade with the Ainu in the northern part of the island. Takeda Nobuhiro killed the Ainu leader, Koshamain.ĭuring the Edo period (1601–1868) the Ainu, who controlled the northern island which is now named Hokkaidō, became increasingly involved in trade with the Japanese who controlled the southern portion of the island. Disputes between the Japanese and Ainu developed into large-scale violence, Koshamain's Revolt, in 1456. ĭuring the Muromachi period (1336–1573), many Ainu were subject to Japanese rule.
They followed a religion which was based on natural phenomena.
The Ainu formed a society of hunter-gatherers, surviving mainly by hunting and fishing. Active contact between the Wa-jin (the ethnically Japanese, also known as Yamato-jin) and the Ainu of Ezogashima (now known as Hokkaidō) began in the 13th century. The Ainu also started an expedition into the Amur region, which was then controlled by the Yuan Dynasty, resulting in reprisals by the Mongols who invaded Sakhalin. In 1264, the Ainu invaded the land of the Nivkh people. These early inhabitants did not speak the Japanese language some were conquered by the Japanese early in the 9th century. According to Lee and Hasegawa, the Ainu-speakers descend from the Okhotsk people which rapidly expanded from northern Hokkaido into the Kurils and Honshu. Recent research suggests that Ainu culture originated from a merger of the Okhotsk and Satsumon cultures. Historical homeland and distribution of the Ainu people. Ainu also identify themselves as "Utari" ("comrade" or "people". This people's most widely known ethnonym, "Ainu" ( Ainu: アィヌ Japanese: アイヌ Russian: Айны) means "human" in the Ainu language, particularly as opposed to kamui, divine beings.
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